Psych、Syck、YAML 和编码
这次 is-programmer 升级碰到了一个很棘手的问题，花了好长时间才把大致的原因搞明白，这里记录一下经过。
背景
在 Ruby 1.9.2 之前，YAML 的解析使用的是 Syck 这个引擎，而从 1.9.3 之后，默认的引擎变成了 Psych。Psych 相比 Syck 有以下优点：
- 可以正确处理 UTF-8 字符。
- 基于的底层库是 YAML 标准组所写的 libyaml。
- 支持 YAML 1.1。
- Syck 已经不再维护了。
UTF-8 字符串的处理是 Psych 和 Syck 之间最主要的一个区别：
Syck 因为无法直接处理 UTF-8 字符，所以如果导出的值中含有 UTF-8 字符串的话，Syck 会把它 Base64 编码，然后保存为 binary 格式：
# Syck $ YAML.dump(:title => "标签云") => --- :title: !binary |- 5qCH562+5LqR
Psych 可以正确序列化 UTF-8 字符，所以 YAML 中保存的就是原始字符：
# Psych $ YAML.dump(:title => "标签云") => --- :title: 标签云
当然 Syck 这个引擎在 ruby 1.9.3 里面还是存在的，可以通过设置 YAML:ENGINE 来在程序中切换：
$ YAML::ENGINE.yamler = 'syck' # 使用 Syck 引擎 $ YAML::ENGINE.yamler = 'psych' # 使用 Psych 引擎
问题
is-programmer 早在 ruby 1.8.x 的时代就开始使用 YAML 来保存设置，自然 UTF-8 字符串都是 Syck 的 binary 格式，这次升级将 ruby 从 1.9.2 升级到了1.9.3，YAML 的默认引擎也就切换到了 Psych，因为本地测试都是使用全新的数据，因此并没有发现问题。
结果上线之后，发现大量的中文设置出现类似
æ ç¾äºæ ç¾äºæ ç¾äº
的乱码。
不用说，问题肯定出在 Psych 上。
原因
既然出现乱码的都是含有中文字符串的设置，那么问题就比较明朗了，那就是：
Psych 似乎不能正确解析在 Syck 下序列化的 binary 格式的字符串。
我猜测是因为 Psych 不知道 binary 字符串原来的编码，也可能是 Psych 的 bug 或是标准不兼容。总之，如果使用 Psych 来读取 Syck 下保存的 UTF-8 字符串，会出现很诡异的结果：
$ YAML::ENGINE.yamler = 'psych'
$ YAML.load("---\n:title: !binary |-\n5qCH562+5LqR")
=>
{:title=>"\xE6\xA0\x87\xE7\xAD\xBE\xE4\xBA\x91"}
然后，在网页上显示的就是更加诡异的诸如以下的字符：
æ ç¾äº
解决
本来，要解决这个问题很简单，只需要把 YAML 引擎切换回 Syck 就行了：
YAML::ENGINE.yamler = 'syck'
这样虽然无法使用新引擎，但是至少显示不会出现问题。
不过，由于上线之后，一些用户又重新保存了设置，问题一下就复杂化了。
把引擎切换回 Syck 已经来不及了，因为 Syck 也不能正确解析 Psych 下保存过得 YAML。
不仅仅是如此，更加郁闷的是，现在 YAML 中不仅有老的 binary 格式字符串，还有被 Psych 保存过的乱码字符串，而且还有保存正确的 Psych 格式的中文 UTF-8 字符串……
这可肿么办呐 
。
。
。
经过一番 
之后，决定还是先想想怎么把乱码恢复成正确的中文字符串。
。
。
。
之后又经过了一番 
……终于发现，Psych 似乎在解析了 binary 字符串之后，并没有把字符串标示为 UTF-8，而是标示为 ISO-5589-1（也就是 LATIN-1），之后由于 ruby 内部的编码被设成成了 UTF-8，所以字符串又被按照 ISO-8859-1 的过程转换了一番，于是就得到了网页上显示的那样诡异的字符。
这样的话，如果想把乱码转换回中文，那么就需要：
"xxx乱码xxx".force_encoding("UTF-8")\ # 先强制标示为 UTF-8
.encode("ISO-8859-1")\ # 再转换成 ISO-8859-1
.force_encoding("UTF-8") # 再强制标示为 UTF-8
这样正确的字符串就回来啦~
不过，YAML 还有已经被 Psych 正确保存的中文字符串，还有一些非中文的英文设置，怎么把乱码和这些正确的字符串区分呢？
幸运的是，如果是英文字符串，在这个过程中内容并不会改变（英文没有编码问题就是爽），而如果是已经正确保存的中文字符串，那么在 encode("ISO-8859-1") 的时候，会 raise 一个 Encoding::UndefinedConversionError 异常，这样只要捕捉这个异常并保留原值就行了。
于是，如果想把混乱的 old_hash 修复的话，就要：
def fix_yaml_hash(old_hash)
new_hash = {}
old_hash.each do |key, value|
if value.is_a?(String)
begin
new_value = value.clone.force_encoding("UTF-8").encode("ISO-8859-1").force_encoding("UTF-8")
rescue
new_value = value
end
else
new_value = value
end
new_hash[key] = new_value
end
return new_hash
end
这样的话，问题就全面解决了~
结论
- 如果你已经使用上了 Psych 并且一切正常，那么就用吧，Psych 在今后应该可以成为 ruby 处理 YAML 的标准。
-
如果你还在使用 Syck，还是先
YAML::ENGINE.yamler = 'syck'用着吧。 - 如果还没有开始使用 YAML，那么强烈建议趁着这个机会去转向更加流行的 JSON。
2012年3月25日 16:10
什么流行用什么
2012年3月25日 16:51
好不容易 Python 没乱码了，Ruby 又来。。。
2012年3月25日 17:04
=-= 看了几遍还是理解不能啊，编码真是坑爹
2012年3月25日 20:56
当初 Ruby 1.8 -> 1.9 的升级过程中也因为编码问题抓狂了一把 -_-
2012年3月25日 20:57
我觉得我下个星期也会看不懂 T^T
2012年3月26日 09:36
怎么有种似曾看过这文章的感觉？……@_@
2012年3月26日 13:11
难道穿越了 XD
2012年4月06日 14:19
python 没乱码了，是指的 python 2 -> python 3 吗？曾经被 py 2 的中文编码搞的头疼
2012年4月06日 16:23
嗯。
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